e0052_ #2 # The Revolt of the old Tunks j0063_ #第二章 # 老年急進派の反乱 サンタフェ研究所の胎動
e0054_ George j0066_ ジョージ・コーワン !! j0067_ コーワンにとってサンタフェ研究所は伝導団だった。 コーワンにとって、それは科学全体が一種の贖罪 ないし再生を成し遂げる機会だった。 !!!!!! j0075_ 関係の網を理解する必要 !!!!!!! e0063_ ``Computers,'' says Cowan with considerable understatement, ``are great bookkeeping machiens.'' But they could also be much more than that. Properly programmed, computers could become entire, self-contained worlds, which scientists could explore in ways that vastly enriched their understanding of the real world. j0078_ 「コンピュータはすごい簿記マシンだ」と、 コーワンはいう。 しかしコンピュータはもっとすごいものにも なり得る。うまくプログラムすれば、コンピュータ は一個の自立した世界になる。そして科学者は その世界を探検することで、現実の世界に対する 理解を大いに深めることができる。 ---- Yes, because both worlds ---``computer world'' and ``real world''--- are REAL.
!!!!!!!!!! e0064 e_s02_p0064_l017 , physicists had begun to realize by the early 1980s that a lot of messy, complicated systems could be described by a powerful theory known as ``nonlinear dynamics.'' And in the process, they had been forced to face up to a disconcerting fact: the whole really can be greater than the sum of its parts. j0079 j_s01_p0079_l014 、一九八〇年代はじめまでに物理学者達は、 ごたごたした複雑なシステムの多くは 「非線形力学」として知られる強力な理論によって 説明できるのではないかと考えはじめていた。 そしてそこへ至る過程で、彼らは、全体はその 部分の総和よりも大きい事があり得るという、 狼狽するような事実に必然的に直面したのである。 ---- What is ``the WHOLE''? Each cell of brain cannot understand it. We never understanding it in the fundamental way. !!! j0085_ だがどこにつくるにしても、この研究所はとくに 優れた科学者たち---それぞれがそれぞれの分野の 問題を本当によく理解している者たち---を連れて こられるような場、そして普通よりずっと広範な カリキュラムを提示できるような場、でなくては ならなかった。あるいは、上級研究者が同僚に嘲笑 されることなく独創的なアイディアに取り組むこと ができる場、そして、充分な自信を与えてくれる ような世界的な人物のそばで、頭の切れる若い 科学者たちが研究できるような場、でなければ ならなかった。
e0069_ The Fellows j0086_ 上級特別研究員 !!! j0091_ だがなんたること、``またもや''コンピュータ研究 センター? そんなことで本当にだれかを夢中に させられるだろうか。研究所はそれ以上のもので なければならない---たとえそれがどんなものかを彼らが 正確に言葉にできないにしても。まさにそれが問題 だった。 !!! e0073_ At the same time, however, he was convinced that getting a consensus on the direction of the institute was far more important than money or any of the rest of the details. If this institute were ``just'' a one-man show, he felt, then it wasn't going anywhere. After thirty years as an administrator, he was convinced that the only way to make something like this happen was to get a lot of people excited about it. ``You have to persuade ``very'' good people that this is an important thing to do,'' he says. ``And by the way, I'm not talking about a democracy. I'm talking about the top one-half of one percent. An elite. But once you do that, then the money is---well, not easy, but a smaller part of the problem.''
e0073_ Murray j0092_ マレー・ゲルマン !!!!! e0076_ ``I said I felt that what we should look for were great syntheses that were emerging today, that were highly interdisciplinary,'' says Gell-Mann. Some were already well on their way: Molecular biology. Nonlinear science. Cognitive science. But surely there were other emerging syntheses out there, he said, and this new institute should seek them out. By all means, he added, choose topics that could be helped along by these huge, big, rapid computers that people were talking about---not only because we can use the machines for modeling, but also because these machines themselves were examples of complex systems. Nick and Gian-Carlo were perfectly correct: computers might very well turn out to be part of such a synthesis. But don't put blinders on before you start. If you're going to do this at all, he concluded, do it right.
!!!!! e0081_ This everything-else-is-chemistry nonsense breaks apart on the twin shoals of scale and complexity, he explains. Those zillions of molecules have collectively acquired a property, liquidity, and how to look for it, there's nothing in those well-understood equations of atomic physics that even hints at such a property. The liquidity is ``emergent.'' In much the same way, says Anderson, emergent properties often preduce emergent behaviors. Cool those liquid water molecules down a bit, for example, and at 32^OF they will suddenly quit tumbling over one another at random. Instead they will undergo a ``phase transition,'' lotking themselnes into the orderly crystalline array known as ice. Or if you were to go the other direction and heat the liquid, those same tumbling water molecules will suddenly fly apart and undergo a phase transition into water vapor. Neither phase transition would have any meaning for one molecule alene. And so it goes, says Anderson. Weather is an emergent property: take pour water vapon out over the Gulf of Mexico and let it interact with sunlight and wind, and it can organize itself into an emergent structure known as a hurricane. Life is an emergent property, the product of DNA molecules and protein molecules and myriad other kinds of molecules, all obeying the laws of chemistry. The mind is an